QuaDream

In April 2023, Citizen Lab and Microsoft published research identifying at least five civil society victims of QuaDream's REIGN spyware across North America, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Victims included journalists, political opposition figures, and an NGO worker. The spyware exploited a zero-click iOS vulnerability. Five days after the exposé, QuaDream shut down after failing to receive Israeli Defense Ministry authorization to sell to new clients. The company fired all employees. The closure followed Israel blocking a potential sale to Morocco.

In 2021, QuaDream began working with Saudi Arabia following the killing of dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Riyadh reportedly lost its NSO Pegasus license after it was allegedly used in the lead-up to Khashoggi's 2018 murder. QuaDream filled the gap with its REIGN spyware capable of zero-click iPhone exploits.